Economics Calculators

📉 Microeconomics

Price Elasticity of Demand

Price Elasticity Formula:

PED = %ΔQuantity / %ΔPrice
PED = [(Q2-Q1)/Q1] / [(P2-P1)/P1] × 100

Initial Price (P1):

Final Price (P2):

Initial Quantity (Q1):

Final Quantity (Q2):

Consumer & Producer Surplus

Surplus Formulas:

Consumer Surplus = ½ × (Max Price - Market Price) × Quantity
Producer Surplus = ½ × (Market Price - Min Price) × Quantity

Maximum Price Consumers Will Pay:

Market Equilibrium Price:

Minimum Price Producers Accept:

Equilibrium Quantity:

Break-even Point Calculator

Break-even Formulas:

Break-even Point (units) = Fixed Costs / (Price - Variable Cost per unit)
Break-even Point ($) = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin Ratio

Fixed Costs ($):

Price per Unit ($):

Variable Cost per Unit ($):

Production Cost Calculator

Cost Formulas:

Total Cost = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs
Average Cost = Total Cost / Quantity
Marginal Cost = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity

Fixed Costs ($):

Variable Costs ($):

Quantity Produced:

Previous Total Cost (for MC):

Previous Quantity (for MC):

📈 Macroeconomics

GDP Calculator (Expenditure Approach)

GDP Formula:

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
Where: C = Consumption, I = Investment, G = Government Spending, X = Exports, M = Imports

Consumption (C) - $ billions:

Investment (I) - $ billions:

Government Spending (G) - $ billions:

Exports (X) - $ billions:

Imports (M) - $ billions:

Inflation Rate Calculator

Inflation Rate Formula:

Inflation Rate = [(CPI_new - CPI_old) / CPI_old] × 100%

Initial CPI (Consumer Price Index):

Final CPI (Consumer Price Index):

Time Period:

Unemployment Rate Calculator

Unemployment Formulas:

Unemployment Rate = (Unemployed / Labor Force) × 100%
Labor Force = Employed + Unemployed
Labor Force Participation Rate = (Labor Force / Adult Population) × 100%

Number of Unemployed (millions):

Number of Employed (millions):

Adult Population (millions):

Multiplier Effect Calculator

Multiplier Formulas:

Spending Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC) = 1 / MPS
Total Economic Impact = Initial Spending × Multiplier
Where: MPC = Marginal Propensity to Consume, MPS = Marginal Propensity to Save

Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC):

Initial Government Spending ($ billions):

Real vs Nominal GDP Calculator

GDP Formulas:

Real GDP = (Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator) × 100
GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP / Real GDP) × 100
GDP Growth Rate = [(GDP_new - GDP_old) / GDP_old] × 100%

Nominal GDP ($ billions):

GDP Deflator (base year = 100):

Previous Year GDP (for growth rate):

Okun's Law Calculator

Okun's Law:

%ΔY = α - β × ΔU
Where: Y = Real GDP, U = Unemployment Rate, β ≈ 2 (Okun's coefficient)

Change in Unemployment Rate (percentage points):

Okun's Coefficient (β, typically ~2):

Potential GDP Growth Rate (α, %):

💰 Banking & Finance

Fisher Equation Calculator

Fisher Equation:

Nominal Interest Rate = Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation Rate
i = r + π^e

Real Interest Rate (%):

Expected Inflation Rate (%):

Nominal Interest Rate (%) - leave empty to calculate:

Money Multiplier Calculator

Money Multiplier Formula:

Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Requirement Ratio
Money Supply Change = Initial Deposit × Money Multiplier

Reserve Requirement Ratio (as decimal, e.g., 0.1 for 10%):

Initial Bank Deposit ($):

Quantity Theory of Money

Quantity Equation:

M × V = P × Q
Where: M = Money Supply, V = Velocity, P = Price Level, Q = Real Output

Money Supply (M) - $ billions:

Velocity of Money (V):

Price Level (P) - CPI:

Real Output (Q) - $ billions:

Interest Rate Parity Calculator

Interest Rate Parity:

(1 + i_domestic) = (S_spot / S_forward) × (1 + i_foreign)
Where: S = Exchange Rate, i = Interest Rate

Domestic Interest Rate (%):

Foreign Interest Rate (%):

Spot Exchange Rate:

🌍 International Economics

Exchange Rate Calculator

Exchange Rate Formulas:

Currency A Amount = Currency B Amount × Exchange Rate
Exchange Rate Change = [(New Rate - Old Rate) / Old Rate] × 100%

Amount in Currency A:

Exchange Rate (A to B):

Previous Exchange Rate (for % change):

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

PPP Formula:

PPP Exchange Rate = Price of Basket in Country A / Price of Basket in Country B
Currency Over/Under-valued = (Market Rate - PPP Rate) / PPP Rate × 100%

Price of Basket in Country A:

Price of Basket in Country B:

Current Market Exchange Rate:

Trade Balance Calculator

Trade Balance Formula:

Trade Balance = Exports - Imports
Trade Balance > 0 = Trade Surplus
Trade Balance < 0 = Trade Deficit

Total Exports ($ billions):

Total Imports ($ billions):

Previous Year Trade Balance (for comparison):

Comparative Advantage Calculator

Opportunity Cost Formula:

Opportunity Cost = What you give up / What you gain
Comparative Advantage = Lower opportunity cost

Country A - Good 1 Production:

Country A - Good 2 Production:

Country B - Good 1 Production:

Country B - Good 2 Production:

📊 Business & Development Economics

Cost-Benefit Analysis Calculator

Cost-Benefit Formulas:

Net Present Value (NPV) = Benefits - Costs
Benefit-Cost Ratio = Total Benefits / Total Costs
BCR > 1 = Project is economically viable

Total Benefits ($):

Total Costs ($):

Discount Rate (%):

Time Period (years):

Productivity Calculator

Productivity Formulas:

Labor Productivity = Output / Labor Hours
Productivity Growth = [(New Productivity - Old Productivity) / Old Productivity] × 100%

Total Output (units or $):

Total Labor Hours:

Previous Period Productivity (for growth rate):

Human Development Index (HDI)

HDI Formula:

HDI = ∛(Health Index × Education Index × Income Index)
Each index ranges from 0 to 1

Life Expectancy (years):

Mean Years of Schooling:

Expected Years of Schooling:

GNI per Capita (PPP $):

Economic Growth Rate Calculator

Growth Rate Formula:

Growth Rate = [(Current Value - Previous Value) / Previous Value] × 100%
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) = [(Ending/Beginning)^(1/years) - 1] × 100%

Current Period Value:

Previous Period Value:

Number of Years (for CAGR):

🔄 General Economics

Percent Change Calculator

Percent Change Formula:

Percent Change = [(New Value - Old Value) / Old Value] × 100%

Original Value:

New Value:

Index Number Calculator

Index Formulas:

Simple Index = (Current Value / Base Value) × 100
Laspeyres Index = Σ(p₁q₀) / Σ(p₀q₀) × 100
Paasche Index = Σ(p₁q₁) / Σ(p₀q₁) × 100

Index Type:

Current Value:

Base Value: